電梯停電自動平層裝置的結構原理及檢驗要求

電梯停電自動平層裝置的結構原(yuan)理(li)及檢(jian)驗要(yao)求(qiu)

Pinciple and Inspection of Automalic Rescue Operation Device for Elevalor Power Falure

         電(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)自動(dong)平(ping)層裝置在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)正常時(shi)，處于待(dai)(dai)機充電(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態，在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)(hou)，自動(dong)進入(ru)逆(ni)變狀態，為電(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)控制系統提(ti)供應(ying)(ying)急(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。該(gai)裝置投入(ru)應(ying)(ying)急(ji)運行后(hou)(hou)，若電(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)在(zai)門(men)區位(wei)(wei)置，裝置僅(jin)開門(men)放(fang)(fang)客；若電(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)不(bu)在(zai)門(men)區位(wei)(wei)置，且滿(man)足安全運行條(tiao)件，裝置將驅動(dong)曳引機使轎(jiao)廂向上(shang)（或向下）移動(dong)，當轎(jiao)廂運行到門(men)區位(wei)(wei)置后(hou)(hou)即停(ting)止驅動(dong)并開門(men)放(fang)(fang)客。該(gai)裝置完成疏散后(hou)(hou)，將自動(dong)停(ting)止工(gong)(gong)作，并自動(dong)恢復(fu)原始(shi)待(dai)(dai)機工(gong)(gong)作狀態，以便(bian)于外(wai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網恢復(fu)正常后(hou)(hou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)能自動(dong)投入(ru)運行。

         電梯停電自動平層裝置按結構原理不同主要分為以下兩種類型：獨立驅動電梯(ti)曳引機的(de)停電自動平層裝置、給(gei)電梯控(kong)制系(xi)統供電的(de)停電自動平層裝置。

        下面(mian)分(fen)別介紹其結構(gou)原(yuan)理。

1、獨(du)立驅動(dong)電梯(ti)曳引機的停電自動(dong)平層裝置的結構原(yuan)理。

      該裝(zhuang)置(zhi)與電梯控制(zhi)柜獨立。當(dang)電梯停(ting)電或缺相時，該裝(zhuang)置(zhi)的檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)整(zheng)個電梯系統是否停(ting)電，同時檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)電梯的門鎖回(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)和(he)安全回(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)是否接(jie)(jie)通(tong)（如有相序繼電器(qi)，裝(zhuang)置(zhi)短接(jie)(jie)常開觸點）。只有當(dang)電梯的以上兩個回(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)接(jie)(jie)通(tong)，才(cai)能啟動該裝(zhuang)置(zhi)輸出三相電源，直接(jie)(jie)驅動曳引機，以低(di)速運行。

       該(gai)裝置中安裝有相(xiang)序繼電(dian)(dian)器(qi)，用于檢測外(wai)(wai)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)的狀態(tai)。當外(wai)(wai)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)正常，裝置中主接觸器(qi)處于吸合狀態(tai)，該(gai)裝置不工作；當外(wai)(wai)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)供電(dian)(dian)出現(xian)故障時(shi)（如缺相(xiang)、斷(duan)相(xiang)、錯(cuo)相(xiang)時(shi)），主接觸器(qi)斷(duan)開(kai)，此時(shi)裝置啟動，開(kai)始(shi)救(jiu)援工作。

工作流程如下：

(1)檢測電梯是否處于檢修狀態，如處于檢修狀態，結束救援。

(2)如果電梯處于正常狀態，檢測電梯轎廂是否在門區，如在門區，輸出開門信號和門機電源，開門放客，結束救援。

(3)如果電梯轎廂不在門區，輸出關門力矩，讓電梯關門，檢測安全回路、層門和轎門門鎖回路是否接通，如不通，結束救援。

(4)如果安全回路、層門和轎門門鎖回路接通，電梯進入電動運行，同時輸出語音提示轎內乘客（例如“電梯開始緊急平層運行，轎內乘客不要驚慌，待電梯平層后請有序離開轎廂”等）。

(5)當電梯運行至就近樓層平層位置時，裝置停止驅動曳引機，輸出門機電源使電梯開門，轎內乘客可離開轎廂，在電梯開門延時幾秒鐘后救援結束。

          此類停電(dian)自動(dong)平(ping)層裝置在拖動(dong)時開環(huan)控制(zhi)，電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)的(de)轉速(su)沒(mei)有反饋(kui)，適用于普通異步電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)；但對于無齒同步電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)，需要將電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)的(de)速(su)度(du)反饋(kui)到(dao)逆變板上進行(xing)閉環(huan)控制(zhi)，需要增(zeng)加救援編碼器及速(su)度(du)檢測電(dian)路。

該裝(zhuang)置由電腦控制器(qi)、DC／AC逆變器(qi)、充電模塊、檢測模塊、48V蓄電池等組成，其結構原理見圖1。

2 給電梯控制系統供電的停電自動平層裝置（自動救援裝置，英文簡稱ARD）的結構原理。

         給電(dian)梯控制系統供(gong)電(dian)的停(ting)電(dian)自動(dong)平(ping)層裝置又分為UPS逆變輸出單相(xiang)或兩相(xiang)的停(ting)電(dian)自動(dong)平(ping)層裝置和給電(dian)梯供(gong)逆變三相(xiang)電(dian)源的停(ting)電(dian)自動(dong)平(ping)層裝置。

下面分別(bie)介紹其(qi)結構原(yuan)理。

2.1 UPS逆變輸出單相或兩相的停電自動平層裝置

        當電(dian)(dian)梯電(dian)(dian)源斷電(dian)(dian)時(shi)，該裝置輸(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)源給(gei)電(dian)(dian)梯，電(dian)(dian)梯轎(jiao)廂運行(xing)仍然由電(dian)(dian)梯控(kong)制柜控(kong)制其平(ping)(ping)層且開門。此類停(ting)電(dian)(dian)自動(dong)平(ping)(ping)層裝置的(de)結構(gou)簡(jian)單(dan)，其變(bian)頻器可以在輸(shu)(shu)入單(dan)相電(dian)(dian)源時(shi)，輸(shu)(shu)出三相電(dian)(dian)源驅(qu)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機運行(xing)，見圖2。

圖2 電梯停電自動平層裝置輸出單相電源的結構原理

        若電(dian)梯停電(dian)自動平層裝置(zhi)工作時輸出(chu)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)線(xian)為T1、T2兩相，接線(xian)時需(xu)要注意，電(dian)梯控制(zhi)柜內控制(zhi)變(bian)壓器(qi)的電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)線(xian)也需(xu)要接T1、T2兩相。電(dian)梯自動平層救援裝置(zhi)逆變(bian)輸出(chu)兩相電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)的結構原理見圖(tu)3。

2.2 給電梯供逆變三相電源的停電自動平層裝置

    當市電停電后，電梯停電自動(dong)平層裝置輸出給電梯控制(zhi)柜三相(xiang)AC380V交流電源，見圖4。

         該裝置始終監測(ce)市電的有無，在(zai)有市電的情況下，裝置不投入運(yun)行(xing)。

        具(ju)體動作(zuo)順(shun)序為(wei)：

        當有市電時(shi)，裝置內(nei)控(kong)制(zhi)板SGK指示(shi)燈常(chang)亮，接(jie)觸器(qi)KY3吸合(he)，控(kong)制(zhi)板正(zheng)常(chang)工作(zuo)，裝置檢測市電。

        當市電(dian)(dian)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)，接觸器(qi)KY3斷開，裝置檢測到市電(dian)(dian)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)，時(shi)(shi)間在3s以上時(shi)(shi)裝置正常(chang)工作(zuo)，接觸器(qi)KY1吸合，其端子(zi)排R、S、T輸出(chu)AC380V，信(xin)號電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)上的KKA-1和KKA-2通，KKA-3 和KKA-4通；

        當裝置正常工作到3.5min后(hou)，裝置停止(zhi)運行，進入到等待(dai)市電狀態。

3、電梯停電自動平層裝置檢驗要求.

（1）根據(ju)標準要求在(zai)(zai)機房或設(she)備間，每臺電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)應單獨(du)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)設(she)一(yi)個主開(kai)(kai)(kai)關。電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)主電(dian)(dian)源開(kai)(kai)(kai)關應能切斷停電(dian)(dian)自動(dong)平層裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)供電(dian)(dian)。筆者在(zai)(zai)檢(jian)驗的(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)中發現，有些電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)安(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)人員將該裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)輸(shu)入端接在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)主電(dian)(dian)源開(kai)(kai)(kai)關之后，在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)檢(jian)驗過(guo)程(cheng)中做(zuo)功能試驗或維(wei)修時需要斷開(kai)(kai)(kai)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)主電(dian)(dian)源開(kai)(kai)(kai)關，這時該裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)誤投入運行，給(gei)控(kong)制(zhi)柜供電(dian)(dian)，給(gei)現場授(shou)權人員或維(wei)修人員帶(dai)來一(yi)定的(de)(de)風險，可能會(hui)造成觸電(dian)(dian)傷害事(shi)故(gu)。

目前電梯停電自動平層裝置的接線方式主要有以下兩種：

①對(dui)于給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯控制系統供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)類型(xing)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)自動(dong)平(ping)層(ceng)裝置，檢(jian)驗時重點檢(jian)查使(shi)用單(dan)位的(de)三相五線(xian)(xian)(xian)制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)是否先接入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)自動(dong)平(ping)層(ceng)裝置的(de)進線(xian)(xian)(xian)端L1、L2、L3，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)自動(dong)平(ping)層(ceng)裝置的(de)出線(xian)(xian)(xian)端R、S、T接入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯的(de)主電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)開(kai)(kai)關(guan)，此(ci)種接線(xian)(xian)(xian)不(bu)(bu)需要輔助觸點電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)開(kai)(kai)關(guan)。這樣，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯在(zai)做(zuo)功能試驗或有(you)(you)故障時，檢(jian)驗人員或維修人員檢(jian)查電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯時斷開(kai)(kai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯的(de)主電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)開(kai)(kai)關(guan)，不(bu)(bu)會檢(jian)測(ce)到停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信號，即使(shi)市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)該(gai)裝置啟動(dong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)主開(kai)(kai)關(guan)也斷開(kai)(kai)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯控制柜也沒有(you)(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)輸入，可以安全檢(jian)驗或正常維修。

②部分電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)制(zhi)造單位或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)平(ping)層(ceng)(ceng)裝置(zhi)生產單位采用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源主開(kai)關(guan)附帶(dai)輔助觸點（無源）給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)平(ping)層(ceng)(ceng)裝置(zhi)一個信號，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)主電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源開(kai)關(guan)斷(duan)(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，其(qi)輔助觸點也斷(duan)(duan)開(kai)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)平(ping)層(ceng)(ceng)裝置(zhi)識別(bie)出此時(shi)是非電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或缺(que)相，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)平(ping)層(ceng)(ceng)裝置(zhi)不投(tou)入運行(xing)(xing)。只有當外電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)且輔助觸點閉(bi)合，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)平(ping)層(ceng)(ceng)裝置(zhi)才(cai)投(tou)入運行(xing)(xing)。

（2）當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)主開(kai)(kai)關斷開(kai)(kai)時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)自動(dong)平(ping)層(ceng)裝置(zhi)不得投入(ru)運行(xing)。檢驗人(ren)員在試驗電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)自動(dong)平(ping)層(ceng)裝置(zhi)時(shi)，首(shou)先將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)選層(ceng)處于快車(che)運行(xing)中(zhong)，要求(qiu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)操作人(ren)員斷開(kai)(kai)使用單位(wei)的(de)總電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)開(kai)(kai)關，這(zhe)時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)緊急(ji)停止，報主電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)故障(zhang)（如(ru)有故障(zhang)顯示），等(deng)3s后觀察該裝置(zhi)是否啟(qi)動(dong)運行(xing)至(zhi)平(ping)層(ceng)開(kai)(kai)門。等(deng)待(dai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)恢復正(zheng)(zheng)常后，讓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)繼續快車(che)運行(xing)，然后斷開(kai)(kai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)主開(kai)(kai)關，這(zhe)時(shi)觀察該裝置(zhi)是否啟(qi)動(dong)救(jiu)(jiu)援。如(ru)不啟(qi)動(dong)則表(biao)示接線正(zheng)(zheng)確，反之(zhi)如(ru)能啟(qi)動(dong)救(jiu)(jiu)援，則接線不正(zheng)(zheng)確。

（3）每(mei)臺電梯停電自(zi)動(dong)(dong)平層(ceng)裝置(zhi)設有一個(ge)手動(dong)(dong)開(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)。當該(gai)開(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)處(chu)于關(guan)(guan)(guan)閉(bi)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態(tai)時(shi)，該(gai)裝置(zhi)不(bu)能啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)。驗(yan)證此功能時(shi)，人為(wei)關(guan)(guan)(guan)閉(bi)該(gai)開(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)，電梯選層(ceng)處(chu)于快車運(yun)行中，斷開(kai)使用單位(wei)的(de)(de)總電開(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)，觀(guan)察電梯停電自(zi)動(dong)(dong)平層(ceng)裝置(zhi)是否啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)，不(bu)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)符合標準要求。部分廠家將開(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)設在控(kong)制柜(ju)里(li)面(mian)，不(bu)方便相關(guan)(guan)(guan)人員操作轉換。正確的(de)(de)設置(zhi)方法(fa)是將該(gai)開(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)設在控(kong)制柜(ju)柜(ju)門正面(mian)或側(ce)面(mian)比較醒目的(de)(de)地方，并且(qie)有比較清楚的(de)(de)“開(kai)”和“關(guan)(guan)(guan)”狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態(tai)標識。

（4）當電(dian)(dian)梯處于檢修狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態，電(dian)(dian)氣安全(quan)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)作時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)梯停電(dian)(dian)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)平層裝(zhuang)置(zhi)不得投(tou)入救援運(yun)行。筆者在(zai)檢驗過程中發(fa)現(xian)，部分廠家的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)梯停電(dian)(dian)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)平層裝(zhuang)置(zhi)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)梯檢修或(huo)緊(jin)急(ji)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)運(yun)行狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態能慢車運(yun)行，如發(fa)現(xian)有此種情(qing)況可以建議廠家將(jiang)該裝(zhuang)置(zhi)的(de)(de)輸出應急(ji)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)救援運(yun)行結束后自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)關機的(de)(de)時(shi)間設(she)置(zhi)合(he)理（2～3min后自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)退出）。檢驗時(shi)需(xu)要提(ti)前將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)梯處于檢修或(huo)緊(jin)急(ji)運(yun)行狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態，或(huo)者將(jiang)機房的(de)(de)急(ji)停開關動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)作，然(ran)后斷開使(shi)用單(dan)位的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，看該裝(zhuang)置(zhi)是否能啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)運(yun)行。

（5）標準(zhun)要(yao)求電(dian)(dian)梯停(ting)電(dian)(dian)自動(dong)平層裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)外電(dian)(dian)網斷電(dian)(dian)至少3s后(hou)才投入運行。目前在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)檢驗過(guo)程中(zhong)發現(xian)部(bu)分(fen)廠(chang)家的電(dian)(dian)梯停(ting)電(dian)(dian)自動(dong)平層裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)的等(deng)待(dai)時(shi)(shi)間設置(zhi)(zhi)不是很合(he)理，要(yao)求3s以上(shang)啟動(dong)是保(bao)證該裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)能判斷電(dian)(dian)網是否真正停(ting)電(dian)(dian)，不造成該裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)頻繁(fan)啟動(dong)而消耗蓄電(dian)(dian)池的電(dian)(dian)能。部(bu)分(fen)廠(chang)家設置(zhi)(zhi)啟動(dong)等(deng)待(dai)時(shi)(shi)間在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)20s以上(shang)，筆者認為這個時(shi)(shi)間太長(chang)，因為乘(cheng)客(ke)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)轎(jiao)(jiao)廂內(nei)滯(zhi)留(liu)20s左右，就顯得比較焦慮。建議設置(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)待(dai)時(shi)(shi)間在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)3～10s之(zhi)間，同(tong)時(shi)(shi)有救(jiu)援(yuan)語音提(ti)示給(gei)乘(cheng)客(ke)。這樣轎(jiao)(jiao)廂內(nei)滯(zhi)留(liu)乘(cheng)客(ke)就明白(bai)，電(dian)(dian)梯停(ting)電(dian)(dian)受困(kun)后(hou)，電(dian)(dian)梯即將(jiang)

投入應急電源啟動電梯平層，轎廂內滯留乘客不需要做其他的事情，等待電梯慢速平層開門，有序地離開轎廂即可。

4 結語.

      綜上所述，電(dian)梯停電(dian)自動平層(ceng)裝置的應(ying)急救援功能(neng)雖(sui)然是電(dian)梯制(zhi)造單位的選配功能(neng)，但該裝置已廣泛應(ying)用(yong)于乘客電(dian)梯的配置，且目前沒(mei)有專(zhuan)門的國家或行業標準可以參考，建(jian)議相(xiang)關部門及(ji)早制(zhi)訂，對(dui)其(qi)加(jia)以規范。